[acn-l] ~~>FISHLINK SUBLEGALS 8/10/01<~~

Dean Staff (dean at staff.ca)
Sat, 18 Aug 2001 08:34:40 -0400

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~~>FISHLINK SUBLEGALS 8/10/01<~~
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A WEEKLY QUOTA OF FISHERY SHORTS CAUGHT AND
LANDED BY THE INSTITUTE FOR FISHERIES RESOURCES
AND THE PACIFIC COAST FEDERATION OF FISHERMEN'S
ASSOCIATIONS

VOL 4, NO. 6 10 AUGUST 2001
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In this Issue......

JOINT UPPER AND LOWER KLAMATH BASIN MEETING
SCHEDULED. 4:06/02.
PETITION FILED TO LIST PUGET SOUND ORCAS. 4:06/04.
MEXICO SEEKS "DOLPHIN-SAFE" TUNA STATUS. 4:06/06.
CARA BILL PASSES HOUSE RESOURCES COMMITTEE. 4:06/13.
FIRST "RIGS-TO-REEFS," NOW IT'S "PLATFORMS TO
PLATFARMS." 4:06/15.

And More......
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4:06/01. DUTCH HARBOR REMAINS LARGEST U.S. FISHING
PORT: On 3 August, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)
announced that for the 12th consecutive year the Alaskan port of Dutch
Harbor-Unalaska had the highest volume of commercial fish landings in
the United States, with a total of 699.9 million pounds. New Bedford,
Massachusetts ranked number one in the category of greatest value port
in the country at $146.3 million, thanks primarily to the sea scallop
industry. To view a list of the top 10 leading U.S ports in volume and
value of fish, go to
http://www.publicaffairs.noaa.gov/releases2001/aug01/noaa01r124.html

4:06/02. JOINT MEETING OF KLAMATH TASK FORCE AND
WORKING GROUP SCHEDULED AS CONTROVERSY
CONTINUES REGARDING PROTECTIONS ORDERED FOR
ENDANGERED SALMON AND MULLET: Another "bucket brigade"
is planned by disgruntled farmers protesting the U.S. government's
shut-off of water to Klamath Irrigation Project contractors to protect
remnant populations of coho salmon in the Klamath River and two
important species of mullet fish (pejoratively called 'suckers' by the
farmers) in Klamath Lake from extinction during this southeast Oregon,
northern California basin's worst drought in 75 years. Meanwhile, two
federally-established committees charged with the restoration of fish
resources and management of the area's natural resources will get
together on Wednesday, 29 August in Yreka, California (see Sublegals,
4:05/01; 4:04/11; 4:03/05; 4:02/01; 4:01/01; 3:26/05; 3:25/05; 3:24/01;
3:20/01; 3:17/02; 3:15/07; 3:14/01; 3:13/02). The Klamath River Basin
Fisheries Task Force is a federal advisory committee charged with
assisting the U.S. Interior Secretary in the formulation, coordination, and
implementation of a 20-year program to restore the anadromous fish
populations of the Klamath River Basin. Task Force membership
includes representatives of the commercial fishing industry (PCFFA
Vice-President Dave Bitts) and the in-river sport fishery; the Yurok,
Karuk, Hoopa and Klamath tribes; Del Norte, Humboldt, Trinity,
Siskiyou and Klamath counties; the California Department of Fish &
Game, the Oregon Department of Fish & Wildlife, the U.S. Departments
of Interior and Agriculture, and the National Marine Fisheries Service
(NMFS). The Hatfield Upper Klamath Basin Working Group, consisting
of the City of Klamath Falls, Klamath County, agriculture and various
governmental and non-governmental organizations on the Oregon side of
the basin, was established by Congress in 1996 "to supplement existing
efforts to manage the natural resources of the Klamath Basin."

Their joint meeting comes on the heels of substantial kills of Chinook
salmon, both natural and hatchery, and steelhead populations in the
Klamath River below Iron Gate dam due to low flows and poor water
quality from the upper basin. The two groups will meet at the Miner's
Inn, 122 E. Miner Street, in Yreka from 0900-1600 HRS. For more
information, contact Laurie Stuart Simons at: (530) 842-5763.

4:06/03. COMMISSION TURNS DOWN FISHERY ON MARKED
COHO; EXPERIMENTAL TROLL FISHERY FOR BAY PUTOVER
FOR CONSIDERATION IN 2002: The California Fish & Game
Commission at its 3 August meeting in Sacramento (see Sublegals,
4:04/07) agreed to put-over PCFFA's request for an experimental
commercial troll salmon fishery in San Francisco Bay from 15 August to
15 September for 2 to 5 vessels to evaluate whether a late summer troll
salmon fishery in the Bay would be feasible. The Department of Fish &
Game (CDFG) recommended putting the matter over for further
discussion during the winter among fishing groups to consider methods
for providing greater fishing access to the abundant Sacramento fall-run
chinooks while still giving ample protection to chinook stocks of
concern. PCFFA agreed to the postponement when it became clear that
genetic sampling on a real time basis of the fish taken would not be
possible for this year's experiment. PCFFA has worked for a number of
years in efforts to protect and recover those Central Valley salmon
stocks that are depressed, including the late fall-run, San Joaquin
fall-run chinook, and some of small Bay tributary stocks. Sacramento
fall-run chinook, the mainstay of the ocean commercial and recreational
fisheries offshore California, Oregon and Washington, on the other hand
are expected to have a surplus of more than 200,000 spawners over and
above the maximum number of spawners set for the existing habitat
carrying capacity.

In other actions, the Commission turned down a petition to allow a
sport fishery on hatchery marked coho salmon. Both California Trout
and PCFFA, while not opposing such a fishery, expressed concern that it
could lead to increased targeting on coho and cause increased hooking
mortality on the Endangered Species Act (ESA) listed natural spawning
coho. The Commission also heard a report from CDFG on recent
salmon kills in the Klamath, which have not been limited to ESA-listed
coho, but have included substantial numbers of chinook and steelhead.
For more information on the Commission meeting, go to:
www.dfg.ca.gov/fg_comm.

4:06/04. PETITION FILED TO LIST PUGET SOUND ORCAS: The
Associated Press (AP) reported 8 August that the National Marine
Fisheries Service (NMFS) will begin an investigation into the declining
population of a pod of Orca whales in Puget Sound at the prompting of a
petition from eleven conservation groups. The petitioners estimate that
over the last three decades the pod has declined 15 percent. Studies they
cite predict the Orcas have a 95 percent chance of extinction between
the next 33 to 121 years unless conservation action is taken
immediately. A biological review team will investigate the reasons
behind the pod's decline and make a recommendation as to whether
these Orcas should be listed under the Federal Endangered Species Act
(ESA). Possible threats to the whales include decline of salmon runs,
unregulated whale watching, and runoff from pesticides and other
toxins. To view the complete NOAA release go to:
http://www.publicaffairs.noaa.gov/releases2001/aug01/noaa01r125.html

4:06/05. CORAL REEF RESTORATION LEGISLATION CLEARS
KEY HOUSE COMMITTEE: The Coral Reef & Coastal Marine
Conservation Act (HR 2272), introduced by Representative Mark Kirk
(R-IL), passed unanimously on 1 August through the House
International Relations Committee. The bill is designed to reduce debt
owed to the United States by Caribbean and Latin countries under the
provision that the money will instead be used towards a debt-for-nature
swap or a debt buyback to be used to support activities to conserve,
maintain, and restore the country's coral reefs and other coastal marine
resources. This bill amends the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 and is
part of former president George Bush's Enterprise for the Americas. For
the full text of HR 2272 search at: http://thomas.loc.gov.

In addition to federal legislation aimed at protecting coral reefs,
concerns have been raised about the impacts fish traps may be having on
these marine ecosystems. In Florida, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin
Islands snapper, grouper, and other edible reef resources are harvested
via 2-foot-by-4-foot wire cages. According to ReefKeeper International,
in order to be effective, these traps need to be set near coral reef habitat,
however up to 8,000 traps are set directly onto the coral, damaging or
destroying up to 64,000 square feet of coral each year. Meetings with
the appropriate regulatory agencies are set for August and September to
discuss the possibility of setting buffer zones between reefs and traps
and restricting trap strings to 2 traps each. For more information, go to:
http://www.reefkeeper.org/REEFALERTS/RA-FTrapUSC/
PetitionFTrapUSC.html.

4:06/06. MEXICO SEEKS "DOLPHIN-SAFE" TUNA STATUS:
The Associated Press (AP) reported 10 August that if the U.S continues
to refuse to help Mexico obtain 'dolphin safe' tuna status, the Mexican
government will appeal under the International Accord for Dolphin
Conservation. It was this accord that committed the U.S and Mexico to
amend labeling regulations in order that Mexican tuna could be
considered dolphin-safe. On 23 July, the U.S. Ninth Circuit Court of
Appeals turned down a U.S. proposal to modify labeling requirements
for dolphin-safe tuna, a proposal that would have opened the door for
imports of purse seine caught Mexican tuna into the U.S. market (see
Sublegals, 4:04/04). Mexican Economy Secretary Luis Derbez maintains
that ample scientific data has shown that incidental deaths to dolphins
have been eliminated and endangerment to the dolphin population from
Mexican tuna fishing is no longer a concern. Mexican tuna fishermen
have threatened a protest if an agreement is not reached by Friday, 17
August, by prohibiting observers on their boats. The Mexican fleets use
large purse seines that sometimes capture dolphins in addition to tuna,
however, according to U.S studies the encircled dolphins are released
unharmed.

4:06/07. CHICKEN OF THE SEA TO CLOSE SAN PEDRO
PLANT: WorldCatch News Network reported on 1 August that Chicken
of the Sea tuna company will be closing its San Pedro, California plant
on 1 October "in view of world competition and decreased tuna raw
material supplies available in San Pedro". The plant currently processes
approximately 100,000 pounds of salmon and tuna daily at the cannery.
250 employees will be laid off following the closure despite the
continuation of a large distribution center at the site. Last January
Chicken of the Sea was purchased by a Bangkok-based Thai Union
Frozen Products and continues to be one of the largest providers of
seafood worldwide. For more information, go to: www.worldcatch.com.

4:06/08. NEW TEXT ON SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES: Sustainable
Fishery Systems is the title of a new book by Anthony Charles,
professor of Management Science & Environmental Studies at Saint
Mary's University, in Halifax, Canada, and a Pew Fellow in Marine
Conservation. According to Blackwell Science, the publisher, the book
presents "an integrated and interdisciplinary approach to the study of
fisheries. The first part of the book seeks to provide a readable,
non-technical grounding in the structure and dynamics of fishery
systems and their natural, human and management components. This
includes particular attention to fishery policy and planning,
management, development and research. In the second part of the book,
the integrated approach is used to address a range of issues faced in
pursuing 'sustainable fisheries,' with emphasis on six dominant themes:
sustainability, uncertainty, complexity, conflict, fishing rights and the
nature of fishery management. Within this discussion, several major
policy directions are explored, notably the precautionary approach, the
ecosystem approach, co-management, and robust management for
resilient fisheries. Case studies from around the world are integrated into
the text." The 384-page paperback is distributed in the U.S. by Iowa
State University Press. For information:
http://www.blacksci.co.uk/~cgilib/bookpage.bin?File=5797.

4:06/09. NMFS PROPOSES CHANGES FOR NORTH PACIFIC
CDQ PROGRAM; PROPOSES CRITERIA FOR WESTERN PACIFIC
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM: On 25 July, the
National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) published in the Federal
Register (Vol. 66, No. 143, pp.38626-3827) a proposed change in the
Community Development Quota (CDQ) regulations for crab to allow the
State of Alaska greater flexibility in establishing fishing seasons. The
action is intended to achieve the conservation and management goals for
the crab CDQ program and further the objectives of the
Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation & Management Act
(Magnuson-Stevens Act) and the Fishery Management Plan for the
Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands King and Tanner Crabs (FMP).
Comments on the proposed rule must be submitted on or before 24
August. Comments should be submitted to Sue Salveson, Assistant
Regional Administrator, Sustainable Fisheries Division, Alaska Region,
NMFS, P.O. Box 21668, Juneau, AK 99802-1668. For more
information, contact: Gretchen Harrington (907) 586-7228, or
gretchen.harrington at noaa.gov.

In a related CDQ action, NMFS two days later published its proposed
criteria for establishing programs similar to those established above in
Alaska for native communities for the Western Pacific and native
villages on those islands.

In its 27 July Federal Register notice, NMFS proposed criteria
developed by the Western Pacific Fishery Management Council
(WPFMC) to determine what communities would be eligible to
participate in Western Pacific community development programs to be
established by the WPFMC and the Secretary of Commerce for fisheries
under WPFMC jurisdiction in order to promote access to such fisheries
by Western Pacific communities and to apply for and receive grants for
related demonstration projects. NMFS is also proposing definitions,
developed with the WPFMC, for certain terms appearing in section
305(i)(2) of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation &
Management Act (Magnuson-Stevens Act), the section authorizing the
Council and the Secretary to establish such programs, and in the criteria
developed by the Council. NMFS is proposing these criteria and
definitions to solicit public comment before deciding whether to approve
the criteria and adopt the definitions. The intent of this proposal is to
implement section 305(i)(2) so that appropriate programs may be
established in the future. Comments are due by 27 August and should be
sent to: Robert Ziobro, Western Pacific Project - F, National Marine
Fisheries Service, 1315 East-West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910,
(301) 713-2239.

4:06/10. NATIVE FISHERY ONLY PROPOSED FOR 50-MILE
ZONE AROUND AMERICAN SAMOA: In the 31 July issue of the
Federal Register (Vol. 66, No. 147, pp.39475-3979), the National
Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) proposed a rule to prohibit certain
vessels from fishing for Pacific pelagic management unit species
(PMUS) within nearshore areas approximately 50 nautical miles (nm)
around the islands of American Samoa. This prohibition would apply to
vessels that measure more than 50 ft (15.2 m) in overall length and that
did not land PMUS prior to 13 November 1997. The NMFS action being
proposed is intended to address concerns that the entry of vessels greater
than 50 ft (15.2 m) in length into the pelagic fishery around American
Samoa could lead to gear conflicts and catch competition with locally
based small fishing vessels. Such conflicts and competition could lead to
reduced opportunities for sustained participation by residents of
American Samoa in the small-scale pelagic fishery. Comments on this
proposed rule are due 14 September and should be mailed to Dr.
Charles Karnella, Administrator, Pacific Islands Area Office (PIAO),
NMFS, 1601 Kapiolani Blvd. Suite 1101, Honolulu, HI 96822. For more
information, contact: Alvin Katekaru, PIAO, (808) 973-2937.

4:06/11. MONTEREY MARITIME MUSEUM PUBLISHES
FISHERY REPORTS: The Maritime Museum of Monterey has begun
publishing a series of journals "The J.B. Phillips Historical Fisheries
Report" in biannual issues named for one of Monterey Bay's pioneering
fishery biologists, Julius B. Phillips, as part of the museum's newest
program, the J.B. Phillips Historical Fisheries Project & Library. Each
issue is to focus on a different fishery and/or cultural group who made
their living on Monterey Bay. The first two issues were on the sardine
fishery; upcoming issues planned are for the abalone fisheries (Fall,
2001), the Japanese fishermen (Spring 2002), the scientists of Cannery
Row (Fall, 2002), and the squid fisheries (Spring, 2003). For more
information, contact Tim Thomas at: tim at mntmh.org.

4:06/12. PIRATES PLAGUE MARINE SCIENTISTS IN MIDEAST
WATERS: The 10 August issue of Science (p.1033) reports that marine
scientists now have something else to worry about other than sources of
grant funds and weather -- pirates. That's the case anyway in mid-east
waters, and U.S. scientific teams are forced to hire security firms to
provide protection for oceanographic vessels plying the Gulf of Aden
and the Red Sea. For more information, go to: www.sciencemag.org.

4:06/13. CARA BILL PASSES HOUSE RESOURCES
COMMITTEE: On 25 July, the Conservation & Reinvestment Act
(CARA, HR 701) passed the U.S. House of Representatives' Resources
Committee and on to an upcoming vote on the House floor. This
legislation allocates over $3.1 billion dollars of federal revenues from
offshore oil ventures towards state-based wildlife and coastal
conservation (including fishery programs), urban parks, and the Land &
Water Conservation Fund. According to the International Association
of Fish & Wildlife Agencies, "CARA will provide state fish and wildlife
agencies the financial resources to get ahead of the curve and prevent
species from becoming extinct." Support for CARA is widespread and
includes 237 co-sponsors and over 6,000 organizations, businesses, and
elected officials. Last year, CARA passed easily through the House but
did not reach the Senate floor before the end of the Congressional
session. For more information go to: www.house.gov/resources/ocs.

4:06/14. CALIFORNIA FISH & GAME COMMISSION TO HEAR
FIRST STATUS OF MARINE FISHERIES REPORT,
RECOMMENDATIONS ON MPAS FOR CHANNEL ISLANDS: The
California Fish & Game Commission will meet 23-24 August in Santa
Barbara. Among the key agenda items for the meeting of the 23rd are:
Proposed Changes to the Spot Prawn Trap Limited Entry Program (#6);
Request to Allow Tailing of Spiny Lobsters by Processors (#7); Interim
Regulations for the Rock Crab Fishery (#8); Receipt of First Status of
the Marine Fisheries Report (#9); and Receipt of Draft Nearshore
Fishery Management Plan (#11). Agenda items for Friday's meeting
include: Recommendation on Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) within
the Channel Islands National Park (#21); Proposed Regulatory Changes
in the Squid Fishery (#22); and Receipt of Draft White Seabass Fishery
Management Plan (#23). For more information on the meeting, visit the
Commission's website at: http://www.dfg.ca.gov/fg_comm/.

4:06/15. FIRST "RIGS-TO-REEFS," NOW IT'S "PLATFORMS TO
PLATFARMS": While SB 1, the bill to allow the oil industry to get out
from under its current legal obligations to remove offshore oil platforms
and clean-up the seabed at the end of the useful life of the structures by
instead toppling them and calling them artificial reefs, wends its way
through the California Legislature, comes now another scheme to leave
the rigs in the ocean. "Platforms to Platfarms" is the title of a proposal
by Chevron USA, Hubbs Sea World and a firm named Venoco, to use
Chevron's Platform Grace in the Santa Barbara Channel as a pilot
project to determine the feasibility of using offshore oil platforms in
California for mariculture. The pilot calls for the annual production of
300 metric tons of marketable product. The species under consideration
for the project include: white seabass, striped bass, California halibut,
California yellowtail, bluefin tuna, and red abalone. The project calls
for putting the fish species in open cages, which have proven
problematic in other parts of the world because of fish escapes (e.g.,
escape of Atlantic salmon from sea pen cages off the coast of British
Columbia). Chevron, the California operation of the old Standard Oil
Company, has numerous offshore oil platforms in the Santa Barbara
Channel. Hubbs Sea World operates an oceanic theme park in San
Diego as well as a white seabass hatchery. Copies of the proposal are
available from the PCFFA office; for information e-mail:
PCFFAfish at aol.com.

In the meantime, the California Assembly Appropriations Committee
will hear SB 1 (see Sublegals, 4:04/06; 4:03/10; 4:02/16; 3:09/14) on 29
August. The bill, by State Senator Dede Alpert (D-San Diego), is
sponsored by Chevron and United Anglers of California and is opposed
by PCFFA, the Southern California Trawlers Association, the County of
Santa Barbara, the Environmental Defense Center and virtually every
other conservation organization in the state.

4:06/16. EXPERIMENTS STUDY POTENTIAL FOR FARMED
SEA BASS AND FLOUNDER: Worldcatch News Network reported 10
August that researchers at the University of North Carolina at
Wrightsville Beach are conducting experiments trying to achieve year
round breeding behavior in black sea bass and flounder. The goal is to
establish commercially viable farm operations for the two species.
While raising freshwater fish is now a relatively routine operation,
methods for raising saltwater fish aren't as well developed. Future plans
include using the fish to restock "dwindling wild populations." To see
the complete article, go to: www.worldwatch.com.

4:06/17. INTERNATIONAL SQUID CONFERENCE PLANNED
FOR OCTOBER IN MOROCCO: "Squid and Pelagics 2001" is the title
of an international fisheries trade conference scheduled for 21-23
October in Agadir, Morocco. The conference will include: 1) a review
of the global cephalopod resources, 2) the outlook for world cephalopod
markets, production trends and recent developments; 3) an overview of
the squid and octopus fisheries; and 4) new developments in the
cephalopod market. Additionally there will be an overview of the
Moroccan fishery in the southwest Mediterranean, a look at the growth
of sustainably caught and labeled seafood in the markets, and value
added products. For more information on the conference, go to:
conferences at agra-net.com.

For those interested in the California squid fishery, the state's
Department of Fish & Game (CDFG) is publishing a newsletter, The
Loligo Examiner, to keep fishermen up to date on recent research and
development of the management plan for squid. For information, go to:
www.dfg.ca.gov/mrd/mlma.

4:06/18. FLORIDA FISH BROKERS AND A FLEET OWNER
GET EIGHT YEARS FOR IMPORTING ILLEGALLY-CAUGHT
HONDURAN LOBSTERS: On 8 August, the U.S. Attorney's Office for
the Southern District of Alabama announced that David McNab, owner
of the largest fleet of lobster boats in Honduras, and fish brokers Robert
Blandford and Abner Schoenwetter, both from Florida, were each
sentenced to 97 months in prison for conspiring to import California
lobster that was illegally harvested in Honduras and ship it into the
United States through Bayou LaBatre, Alabama. The three had been
convicted on 3 November 2000 and were sentenced on 8 August. In
addition to the prison terms, the three jointly forfeited $1,000,000,
which represented the proceeds from their illegal operations, and
McNab was fined $100,000 and Blandford and Schoenwetter were each
fined $15,000. For more information, telephone (334) 441-5845.

4:06/19. DANISH FISHING UNION DEMANDS FISHERMEN
QUIT ORGANIZATION PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES:
According to a 9 August report from IntraFish, the Danish Fishery
Union is demanding that its members break off all contact with two
organizations - the National Association for the Living Seas, and the
Fishermen's Ecological Network (FON) - that have been promoting
sustainable fisheries and have, at times, been critical of some of that
nation's fishing practices. The announcement by Bent Rulle, chairman of
the Danish Fishery Union, has drawn fire from fishing vessel captains
belonging to the two organizations as well as some of the local chapters
of the national union that are ignoring the notification. "I've been a
fisherman for 35 years and have just as much right to speak my mind as
Bent Rulle," said fishing captain Gunnar Jacobsen from Esbjerg. "We
are working to ensure a sustainable fishing industry."

The Danish industrial fishery (producing fishmeal) has come under
attack recently by the Scottish White Fish Producers Association, who
are claiming the industrial fishery for sandeel and other species in the
North Sea is undermining efforts to recover commercially important
foodfish stocks. A series of articles has been running in the weekly
U.K. trade publication Fishing News on this issue. To see these articles,
go to: www.fishingnews.co.uk. To see the report on efforts of the
Danish Fishery Union to silence members concerned about sustainable
fisheries, go to: www.IntraFish.com.

4:06/20. CORRECTION, MORE NEWS ON HUDSON RIVER PCB
CLEAN-UP DECISION: In the report on the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) order calling for General Electric (GE) to
begin dredging operations to clean-up years of PCB pollution of the
Hudson River that appeared in the 3 August Sublegals (4:05/11), it was
stated the New Yorker article on the Hudson River clean-up appeared
earlier this year. The article, "The River," by Elizabeth Kolbert, actually
appeared in the 4 December 2000 issue of the magazine (pp.56-62). To
view it, go to: www.newyorker.com. An additional article on the
Hudson River PCB clean-up issue, which may be of interest, "Is GE
Mightier Than The Hudson?" by Richard Pollak appeared in the 28 May
issue of The Nation (pp.11-15). That article can be viewed by going to:
www.thenation.com.

NEWS, COMMENTS, CORRECTIONS: Submit your news items,
coments or any corrections to Natasha Benjamin, Editor, at:
ifrfish at pacbell.net or call the IFR office at either (415) 561-FISH
(Southwest Office) or (541) 689-2000 (Northwest Office).

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------- End of forwarded message -------
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Dean Staff Kanata On. Canada
dean at staff.ca
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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